The relationship between social intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior: A case study of Libraries of Isfahan's Public Universities

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 MSc. of Knowledge and Information Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Knowledge and Information Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Department of Educational Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Objectives: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is conscious and voluntary, unreinforced by formal reward systems, and enhances overall organizational effectiveness. Librarians exhibit OCB, which shapes their attitudes, behaviors, and interactions to deliver increasingly high-quality services. Possessing social intelligence as societal members, librarians also influence library functions, service quality, and user satisfaction. Therefore, this study investigated the status of and relationship between social intelligence and OCB among librarians in public university libraries in Isfahan.
Methodology: This applied, descriptive-correlational study targeted a population of 101 librarians across Isfahan public university libraries in 2023. A sample of 76 was selected via proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. Data were gathered using the Amini Abchoye OCB Questionnaire (2015)—adapted from Podsakoff et al. (2000)—and the Silvera et al. (2001) Social Intelligence Questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients were 0.84 for social intelligence and 0.90 for OCB. Data were analyzed in SPSS 26 using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, independent-samples $t$-tests, and one-way ANOVA).
Findings: Social intelligence and OCB among Isfahan public university librarians scored above the theoretical mean ($\text{mean} > 3$), with a positive, significant moderate correlation between them ($r = 0.51, p < 0.05$). All three social intelligence dimensions (social information processing, social skills, and social awareness) positively correlated with all seven OCB dimensions (sportsmanship, organizational compliance, helping behaviors, organizational loyalty, civic virtue, self-development, and individual initiative). Pearson correlation coefficients with total OCB were 0.441 for social information processing, 0.285 for social skills, and 0.545 for social awareness (highest: social awareness; lowest: social skills). Finally, demographic variables—age, work experience, gender, field of study, workplace, and education level—showed no significant differences in social intelligence or OCB.
Conclusion: Librarians' social intelligence positively correlates with OCB, serving as a key driver. Strengthening social intelligence fosters OCB, aligning individual actions with library goals and boosting overall productivity and effectiveness. University library administrators in Isfahan should implement targeted workshops, group activities, and communication-enhancement programs to elevate staff social intelligence and, consequently, OCB.

Keywords

Abbasi Moghadam, M. (2020). The effect of social intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior through the mediation of organizational creativity and innovation. (MSc. Thesis), Payam Noor University, Markazi Province, Payam Noor Center, Delijan. [in Persian]

Ahmadi, R., Azam Vaziri, S., Ebrahimi, S. & Karimi, A. (2016). Investigating the factors affecting organizational citizenship behavior and determining their priority (Case study: Hormozgan Regional Electric Company). Published in the Proceedings of the National Conference on Development Management (Challenges and Solutions in Public and Private Organizations). Hormozgan Branch of the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (Academic Jihad). [in Persian]

Amini Abchoyeh, A. (2015). Investigating the relationship between organizational trust and organizational citizenship behavior of librarians in public university libraries in Isfahan city. (MSc. Thesis), University of Isfahan. [in Persian]

Asadi, M.M., Naddafi, Gh. & ShafieeRoodposhti, M. (2011). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior in public library librarians (Case: Yazd city public libraries). Library and Information Sciences, 14 (1), 125-153. [in Persian]

Bahmani Chobbastani, A. & Seyedin, S. M. (2021). The impact of librarians' moral intelligence on improving citizenship behavior and its role in promoting library social capital. Rahyaft, 30 (4): 101-114. [in Persian]

Bahmani, A. & Seyedin, S. M. (2018). Social intelligence of librarians and its role in the increase of the social responsibility of libraries: A case study of public libraries of Markazi province. Research on Information Science and Public Libraries. 24 (4), 591-612. [in Persian]

Behzadi, H. & EsmaeiliZadeh, M.H. (2016). Investigating the status and relationship between social intelligence and job performance of Astan Quds Razavi library managers. Library and Information Sceinces, 18 (4), 3-30. [in Persian]

Chek, T. N. F. A. T., Noordin, N. F. M., & Nordin, N. A. (2020). Organizational Justice and organizational citizenship behaviour among zcademic librarian in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 18(1), 71-79.

Das, B.K. & Rajini, G. (2024). An Analysis of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and its Impact on Employee Well-being and Task Performance among Library Employees. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 14 (2), 133-138.

Ebtehaj, K. (2022). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among public library librarians. (MSc. Thesis), Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. [in Persian]

Ghane, M.R., & Chalak, M. (2020). Effect of organizational citizenship behavior on user satisfaction at the Regional Information Center for Information Science and Technology: The mediating role of leader-member exchange and perceived supervisor support. Academic Librarianship and Information Research, 54 (3), 65-85. [in Persian]

Hashemzadeh, M.J., Akrami, H., Sangari, M. & Akbari Bornag, M. (2024). Effective factors on organizational citizenship behavior of librarians of Astan Quds Razavi libraries.  Library and Information Sceinces, 26 (3), 31-62. [in Persian]

Hokeri, A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between social intelligence, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational creativity of employees of the Kermanshah Education Department. (MSc. Thesis), Payam Noor University, East Azerbaijan Province, Payam Noor Center, Tabriz. [in Persian]

Ismail, F., Chan, S.W. & Azimi, N.A.H.M. (2025). Organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior among librarians. International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 8 (29), 16-28.

Khasseh, A.A., Naseri, S., Soheili, F. & Shahbazi, M. (2024). The relationship between organizational citizenship behavior with leader-member exchange and perceived supervisor support in Kurdistan public libraries. Science and Techniques of Information Management, 10 (1), 209-238. [in Persian]

Mansoori, H, & Danyali Deh Hoz, M. (2019). A study of the moderating effect of the productivity of manpower on the relationship between organizational trust and organizational citizenship behavior. Research on Information Science and Public Libraries, 25 (3), 483-510. [in Persian]

Mirsafian, H. (2018). Effect of social intelligence on OCB and EB, with effect on social capital as a mediating variable, in a sport organization in Iran. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research, 77(1), 34-40.

Moutab, S. (2019). Investigating the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and social intelligence with knowledge sharing among secondary school teachers in Meybod city. (MSc. Thesis), Islamic Azad University, Ardakan Branch. [in Persian]

Nemati Amoughin, M. (2015). Investigating the relationship between social intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior of male teachers in secondary schools in the second district of Ardabil city in the academic year 2014-2015. (MSc. Thesis), Islamic Azad University. [in Persian]

Nilokar, M. (2014). Investigating the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior among librarians in public libraries in Khorasan Razavi Province. (MSc. Thesis), Ferdowsi University of Mashad. [in Persian]

Opeke, R. O., & Akinola, A. A. (2019). Influence of organizational citizenship behaviour on job burnout among librarians in university libraries in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 2695.

  Oshi, J. E., Akaibe, M. V., & Chikwe, J. O. (2021). Social intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviour of government parastatals in Nigeria. Nobel International Journal of Social Sciences Research, 6(1), 7-17.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307

  Purba, D. E., Oostrom, J. K., Van Der Molen, H. T., & Born, M. P. (2015). Personality and organizational citizenship behavior in Indonesia: The mediating effect of affective commitment. Asian Business & Management, 14, 147-170.

 Sabouri, F. (2013). Investigating the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior of librarians in Mashhad public libraries. (MSc. Thesis), Imam Reza International University. [in Persian]

Sanatjoo, A., & Mahmoudi, H. (2015). Investigating the relationship between the organizational justice and the organizational citizenship behavior in the libraries of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Library and Information Science Research, 5 (1), 235-254. [in Persian]

Silvera, D., Martinussen, M., & Dahl, T. I. (2001). The tromso social intelligence scale,  a self‐report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 42(4), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00242.

Solomon, E.A.C. & Igweh, f.K. (2023). Social Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Selected Oil and Gas Firms in the South-South, Nigeria. Nigerian Academy of Management Journal (NAMJ), 18 (1), 121-138.

Tran, Q. H. N. (2023). Library as a learning organization: The influence of leadership skills on organizational citizenship behavior at Vietnamese libraries. The Learning Organization, 30 (3), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-10-2022-0126.

Usman, I., Ajani, F. O., & Sulyman, A. S. (2021). The use of social intelligence as a tool for improving the relevance of libraries in the society. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 6572.

Yari Zanganeh, M. (2023). Effectiveness of Information Literacy Skills Training on Social Intelligence and Self-Efficacy Level in Problem-Solving Skills. Knowledge Retrieval and Semantic Systems, 11 (39), 179-204. [in Persian]

Zakipour, A. (2019). Investigating the effect of organizational identity on increasing the productivity of public library employees in Ardabil province with emphasis on the mediating role of social intelligence. (MSc. Thesis), University of Tabriz. [in Persian]

Zarei, H. (2018). Investigating the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and job performance of librarians in public libraries in Ilam province. (MSc. Thesis), Payam Noor University, Kermanshah Center. [in Persian]

Zarei, Matin, H., Jandaghi, Gh. & Toure, N. (2006). Identifying the factors of organizational citizenship behavior and examining its relationship with organizational performance. Organizational Culture Management, 4 (12), 31-63. [in Persian]

 

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Abbasi Moghadam, M. (2020). The effect of social intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior through the mediation of organizational creativity and innovation. (MSc. Thesis), Payam Noor University, Markazi Province, Payam Noor Center, Delijan. [in Persian]
Ahmadi, R., Azam Vaziri, S., Ebrahimi, S. & Karimi, A. (2016). Investigating the factors affecting organizational citizenship behavior and determining their priority (Case study: Hormozgan Regional Electric Company). Published in the Proceedings of the National Conference on Development Management (Challenges and Solutions in Public and Private Organizations). Hormozgan Branch of the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (Academic Jihad). [in Persian]
Amini Abchoyeh, A. (2015). Investigating the relationship between organizational trust and organizational citizenship behavior of librarians in public university libraries in Isfahan city. (MSc. Thesis), University of Isfahan. [in Persian]
Asadi, M.M., Naddafi, Gh. & ShafieeRoodposhti, M. (2011). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior in public library librarians (Case: Yazd city public libraries). Library and Information Sciences, 14 (1), 125-153. [in Persian]
Bahmani Chobbastani, A. & Seyedin, S. M. (2021). The impact of librarians' moral intelligence on improving citizenship behavior and its role in promoting library social capital. Rahyaft, 30 (4): 101-114. [in Persian]
Bahmani, A. & Seyedin, S. M. (2018). Social intelligence of librarians and its role in the increase of the social responsibility of libraries: A case study of public libraries of Markazi province. Research on Information Science and Public Libraries. 24 (4), 591-612. [in Persian]
Behzadi, H. & EsmaeiliZadeh, M.H. (2016). Investigating the status and relationship between social intelligence and job performance of Astan Quds Razavi library managers. Library and Information Sceinces, 18 (4), 3-30. [in Persian]
Chek, T. N. F. A. T., Noordin, N. F. M., & Nordin, N. A. (2020). Organizational Justice and organizational citizenship behaviour among zcademic librarian in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 18(1), 71-79.
Das, B.K. & Rajini, G. (2024). An Analysis of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and its Impact on Employee Well-being and Task Performance among Library Employees. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 14 (2), 133-138.
Ebtehaj, K. (2022). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among public library librarians. (MSc. Thesis), Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. [in Persian]
Ghane, M.R., & Chalak, M. (2020). Effect of organizational citizenship behavior on user satisfaction at the Regional Information Center for Information Science and Technology: The mediating role of leader-member exchange and perceived supervisor support. Academic Librarianship and Information Research, 54 (3), 65-85. [in Persian]
Hashemzadeh, M.J., Akrami, H., Sangari, M. & Akbari Bornag, M. (2024). Effective factors on organizational citizenship behavior of librarians of Astan Quds Razavi libraries.  Library and Information Sceinces, 26 (3), 31-62. [in Persian]
Hokeri, A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between social intelligence, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational creativity of employees of the Kermanshah Education Department. (MSc. Thesis), Payam Noor University, East Azerbaijan Province, Payam Noor Center, Tabriz. [in Persian]
Ismail, F., Chan, S.W. & Azimi, N.A.H.M. (2025). Organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior among librarians. International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 8 (29), 16-28.
Khasseh, A.A., Naseri, S., Soheili, F. & Shahbazi, M. (2024). The relationship between organizational citizenship behavior with leader-member exchange and perceived supervisor support in Kurdistan public libraries. Science and Techniques of Information Management, 10 (1), 209-238. [in Persian]
Mansoori, H, & Danyali Deh Hoz, M. (2019). A study of the moderating effect of the productivity of manpower on the relationship between organizational trust and organizational citizenship behavior. Research on Information Science and Public Libraries, 25 (3), 483-510. [in Persian]
Mirsafian, H. (2018). Effect of social intelligence on OCB and EB, with effect on social capital as a mediating variable, in a sport organization in Iran. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research, 77(1), 34-40.
Moutab, S. (2019). Investigating the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and social intelligence with knowledge sharing among secondary school teachers in Meybod city. (MSc. Thesis), Islamic Azad University, Ardakan Branch. [in Persian]
Nemati Amoughin, M. (2015). Investigating the relationship between social intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior of male teachers in secondary schools in the second district of Ardabil city in the academic year 2014-2015. (MSc. Thesis), Islamic Azad University. [in Persian]
Nilokar, M. (2014). Investigating the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior among librarians in public libraries in Khorasan Razavi Province. (MSc. Thesis), Ferdowsi University of Mashad. [in Persian]
Opeke, R. O., & Akinola, A. A. (2019). Influence of organizational citizenship behaviour on job burnout among librarians in university libraries in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 2695.
  Oshi, J. E., Akaibe, M. V., & Chikwe, J. O. (2021). Social intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviour of government parastatals in Nigeria. Nobel International Journal of Social Sciences Research, 6(1), 7-17.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307
  Purba, D. E., Oostrom, J. K., Van Der Molen, H. T., & Born, M. P. (2015). Personality and organizational citizenship behavior in Indonesia: The mediating effect of affective commitment. Asian Business & Management, 14, 147-170.
 Sabouri, F. (2013). Investigating the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior of librarians in Mashhad public libraries. (MSc. Thesis), Imam Reza International University. [in Persian]
Sanatjoo, A., & Mahmoudi, H. (2015). Investigating the relationship between the organizational justice and the organizational citizenship behavior in the libraries of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Library and Information Science Research, 5 (1), 235-254. [in Persian]
Silvera, D., Martinussen, M., & Dahl, T. I. (2001). The tromso social intelligence scale,  a self‐report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 42(4), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00242.
Solomon, E.A.C. & Igweh, f.K. (2023). Social Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Selected Oil and Gas Firms in the South-South, Nigeria. Nigerian Academy of Management Journal (NAMJ), 18 (1), 121-138.
Tran, Q. H. N. (2023). Library as a learning organization: The influence of leadership skills on organizational citizenship behavior at Vietnamese libraries. The Learning Organization, 30 (3), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-10-2022-0126.
Usman, I., Ajani, F. O., & Sulyman, A. S. (2021). The use of social intelligence as a tool for improving the relevance of libraries in the society. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 6572.
Yari Zanganeh, M. (2023). Effectiveness of Information Literacy Skills Training on Social Intelligence and Self-Efficacy Level in Problem-Solving Skills. Knowledge Retrieval and Semantic Systems, 11 (39), 179-204. [in Persian]
Zakipour, A. (2019). Investigating the effect of organizational identity on increasing the productivity of public library employees in Ardabil province with emphasis on the mediating role of social intelligence. (MSc. Thesis), University of Tabriz. [in Persian]
Zarei, H. (2018). Investigating the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and job performance of librarians in public libraries in Ilam province. (MSc. Thesis), Payam Noor University, Kermanshah Center. [in Persian]
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Sciences and Techniques of Information Management
Volume 12, Issue 3
March 2026
Pages 17-35

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