گستره فناوری بلاکچین: یک مطالعه فراترکیب از کاربردها، مزایا، چالش‌‌ها و فناوری‌‌های مرتبط

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت و علوم نظامی، دانشگاه امام علی (ع)، تهران، ایران

2 دکتری مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت و علوم نظامی، دانشگاه امام علی(ع)، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف: بلاکچِین در ابتدای ظهور مکانیزمی برای ارائه رمزارز بیت‌‌کوین بود، ولی به زودی از هدف اولیه خود فاصله گرفت و اکنون صنایع گوناگونی را درنوردیده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی کاربردها، مزایا، چالش‌‌ها و فناوری‌های مرتبط با بلاکچین است.
روش‌‌: این تحقیق از نوع مرور نظام‌‌مند است. ابتدا 295 منبع شناسایی شد و سپس در چهار مرحله و با حذف منابع غیر مرتبط، تعداد 90 منبع معتبر بین سال‌‌های 2014 تا 2021 تحلیل شده و محورهای مرتبط با بلاکچین استخراج گردید.
نتایج: حوزه‌‌های کاربرد بلاکچین در 26 محور طبقه‌‌بندی شد که بیشترین فراوانی به ترتیب در حوزه قرارداد هوشمند، مدیریت زنجیره تأمین، بهداشت و سلامت، مالی، الزامات قانونی حاکمیت و دولت، انرژی، آموزش، شهر هوشمند، رمز ارزها، حمل و نقل عمومی و کشاورزی بوده است. همچنین فناوری‌‌های مرتبط با بلاکچین به ترتیب فراوانی شامل اینترنت اشیاء، رایانش ابری، هوش مصنوعی و کلان داده است. مزایای بلاکچین در 23 محور شناسایی شد که ایجاد شفافیت، محافظت از حریم خصوصی، ایجاد اعتماد، تغییر‌‌ناپذیری، عدم تمرکزگرایی، صرفه‌‌جویی در هزینه، بیشترین فراوانی را دارند. همچنین چالش‌‌های استفاده از بلاکچین در 18 مورد شناسایی شد که مقیاس‌‌پذیری، مصرف انرژی، فقدان مقررات و پیچیدگی در این عرصه بیشترین فراوانی را دارند.
نتیجه‌‌گیری: بلاکچین اصلی‌‌ترین فناوری صنعت 4.0 است. یافته‌‌ها نشان داد که بلاکچین یک فناوری چند بعدی، پیچیده و پرکاربرد است. مساعدت نظری پژوهش حاضر، کمک به شناخت جامع از گستره و حیطه بلاکچین است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Scope of Blockchain Technology: A Meta-Synthesis Study of Applications, Benefits, Challenges, and Related Technologies

نویسندگان [English]

  • Asghar Mohammadi Fateh 1
  • Ali Asghar Salarnejad 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Management and Military Sciences, Imam Ali University, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD., in Information Technology Management, Department of Management, Faculty of Management and Military Sciences, Imam Ali University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objectives: Blockchain was originally a mechanism for providing bitcoin cryptocurrencies, but it soon deviated from its original purpose and now spans a variety of industries. This work provides a systematic literature review of multiple domains of blockchain. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to identify the areas of application, advantages, challenges, and related technologies of blockchain.
Methods: This research is a systematic review. All articles were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, ACM, ScienceDirect, IEE, emerald, Elsevier, Applied sciences, and ResearchGate databases between 2014 and 2020. Based on the search conducted in the mentioned databases, 295 sources were collected as databases for review. Then, in four stages and by removing unrelated sources, 90 valid sources were analyzed and the axes related to blockchain were extracted.
Results: Based on the finding, the areas of blockchain applications were classified into 26 axes, with the highest frequency in the areas of Smart contract (22 sources), supply chain management (21 sources), health (21 sources), governance requirements (18 sources), finance (18 sources), energy (14 sources), education (13 sources), smart city (11 sources), cryptocurrencies (8 sources), public transportation (8 sources), agriculture and food (7 sources), Insurance(7 sources) and banking(7 sources). Blockchain-related technologies are based on the frequency of resources reviewed including the internet of things (22 sources), cloud computing (10 sources), artificial intelligence (8 sources), big data (7 sources), and edge computing (4 sources). The benefits of blockchain were identified in 24 areas that the most frequently of which were Tracking and transparency (27 sources), Information security (24 sources), Privacy and confidentiality (14 sources), building trust (11 sources), immutability (11 sources), decentralization (10 sources), cost savings (7 sources), Manage and store data (7 sources) and Digital asset maintenance (7 sources).
Also, the challenges of using blockchain were identified in 18 cases scalability (14 sources), lack of regulations (10 sources), energy consumption (9 sources), complexity (5 sources), and unrecoverable (4 sources) in this area are the most common. At the end of the article, while referring to blockchain research in countries, the research gap and its future directions are presented.
Conclusions: Blockchain is considered one of the main technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. Our Findings show that blockchain is a multidimensional, complex, and widely used technology. Due to the radical nature of blockchain, conceptual and theoretical discussions continue in this direction. Our initial classification of the four blockchain dimensions can help determine the architecture of this technology in organizations and communities. Our study can serve as a basis or inspiration for future work.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  •  Blockchain technology
  • Systematic review
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Application
  • Benefits
منظور، د.، نوروزی، ا. (1398). کاربردهای فناوری بلاکچین در کسب و کارهای صنعت انرژی: فرصت‌‌ها و چالش‌‌ها. انرژی ایران، 22(2).
Aarvik, P. (2020). Blockchain as an anticorruption tool. Case examples and introduction to the Technology. Academic press. Available at:
www.u4.no/publications/are-blockchain-technologies-efficient-in-combatting-corruption
Adeleke, T. (2019). Blockchain and Learning Organizations: How the Emerging Technology Impacts Knowledge Sharing. Dissertation, Doctor of Management, University of Maryland University College, USA.
Agbo, C.C., Mahmoud, Q.H. & Eklund, J.M. (2019). Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 56(7). DOI: doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020056
Alam, T. & Mohamed, B. (2020). Blockchain and Internet of Things in Higher Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(5). DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080556
Ali, O., Ally, M. & Clutterbuck, D.Y. (2020). The state of play of blockchain technology in the financial services sector: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management, 54(3). DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102199
Alladi, T., Chamola, V., Sahu, N. & Guizani, M. (2020). Applications of blockchain in unmanned aerial vehicles: A review, Veh. Commun. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2020.100249
Andoni, M., Robua, V., Flynna, D., Abramb, S., Geachc, D. & Peacockd, D. (2019). Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100: 143-184.
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014
Angelis, J. & Da Silva, E.R. (2019). Blockchain adoption: A value driver perspective. Business Horizons, 62(3): 307-314.
Awaji, B., Solaiman, E. & Albshri, A. (2020). Blockchain-Based Applications in Higher Education: A Systematic Mapping Study. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information and Education Innovations. DOI: doi.org/10.1145/3411681.3411688
Beck, R., Müller-Bloch, C. & King, J.L. (2018). Governance in the blockchain economy: A framework and research agenda. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(10): 1020-1034. DOI: doi.org/10.18705/1jais.00518
Böckel, A., Nuzum, A.K. & Weissbrod, I. (2021). Blockchain for the Circular Economy: Analysis of the Research-Practice Gap. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25: 271-284.
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.006
Boudguiga, A. & et al. (2018). Towards better availability and accountability for IoT updates by means of a blockchain. in Proc. IEEE Eur. Symp. Secur. Privacy Workshops (EuroS PW), Apr. 2018: 50-58.
Cappiello, B. & Gherardo, C. (2021). Blockchain, Law and Governance. Available at:
www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030527211
Carbone, A., Davcev, D., Mitreski, K., Kocarev, L. & Stankovski, V. (2018). Blockchain based Distributed Cloud Fog Platform for IoT Supply Chain Management. In: Eighth International Conference On Advances in Computing. DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-144-3-37
Casino, F., Dasaklis, T.K. & Patsakis, C. (2018). A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: current status, classification and open issues. Telematics and Informatics, 36: 51-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006
Chen, G. & et al. (2018). Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education. Smart Learn. Environ, 5(1). DOI: doi.org/10.1186/s40561-018-0050-x
Chukwu, E. & Garg, L. (2020). A Systematic Review of Blockchain in Healthcare: Frameworks, Prototypes, and Implementations. IEEE Access, 8: 21196-21214, 2020.
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2969881
Cole, R., Stevenson, M. & Aitken, F. (2019). Blockchain technology: implications for operations and supply chain management. Supply Chain Management, 24(4): 469-483.
DOI: 10.1108/SCM-09-2018-0309
Cummings, D. (2016). Use Cases of Ethereum in Different Sectors 2016. Academic press.
DEEPA, N. & et al. (2020). A Survey on Blockchain for Big Data: Approaches, Opportunities, and Future Directions. ACM Comput. Surv, 1(1): 1-29. DOI: arxiv-2009.00858
Deloitte's 2020 Global Blockchain Survey. Available at:
www2.deloitte.com/mt/en/pages/technology/articles/2020-global-blockchain-survey.html
Diestelmeier, L. (2019). Changing power: Shifting the role of electricity consumers with blockchain technology-Policy implications for EU electricity law. Energy Policy, 128: 189-196.
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.065
Duan, J., Zhang, C., Gong, Y., Brown, S. & Li, Z. (2020). A Content-Analysis Based Literature Review in Blockchain Adoption within Food Supply Chain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(5). DOI: doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18051884
Dutra, A., Tumasjan, A. & Welpe, I.M. (2018). Blockchain is changing how media and entertainment companies compete. MIT Sloan Manag Rev, 60(1): 39-3.
Emerald Publishing (2020). An Introduction to Algorithmic Finance, Algorithmic Trading and Blockchain. DOI: 10.1108/978-1-78973-893-320201021
Eremina, L., Mamoiko, A. & Bingzhang, L. (2019). Use of blockchain technology in planning and management of transport systems. E3S Web of Conferences, 04014(2020).
DOI: doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015704014
Filippi, P.D., Mannan, M. & Reijers, W. (2020). Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust & challenges of governance. Technology in Society, 62.
DOI: org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284
Giungato, P., Rana, R., Tarabella, A. & Tricase, C. (2018). Current Trends in Sustainability of Bitcoins and Related Blockchain Technology. Sustainability 9(12).
DOI: doi.org/10.3390/su9122214
Graglia, J.M. & Mellon, C. (2018). Blockchain and property in 2018: At the end of the beginning. Innovations Technology, Governance, Globalization, 12(1-2): 90-116.
DOI: doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00270
Guo, Y. & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(24): 1-12. DOI: doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9.
Hanafizadeh, P., Keating, B.W. & Khedmatgozar, H. (2014). A Systematic Review of Internet Banking Adoption. Telematics and Informatics, 31(3).
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2013.04.003
Hassan, F. & et al. (2019). Blockchain and the Future of the Internet: A Comprehensive Review. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.00733.pdf
Hölbl, M., Kompara, M., Kamišalić, A. & Zlatolas, L. (2018). A Systematic Review of the Use of Blockchain in Healthcare. Symmetry, 10(10). DOI: doi.org/10.3390/sym10100470
Ilbiz, E. (2020). Blockchain: A New Disruptive Innovation for Knowledge Risk Management. In book: Knowledge Risk Management (pp.119-132). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35121-2_8
Jameel, F., Javaid, U., Khan, W., Aman, M.N., Pervaiz, H. & Jäntti, R. (2020). Reinforcement Learning in Blockchain-Enabled IIoT Networks: A Survey of Recent Advances and Open Challenges. Sustainability, 12(12). DOI: doi.org/10.3390/su12125161
JAOUDE, J.A. & SAADE, R.G. (2019). Blockchain Applications _ Usage in Different Domains. IEEE Access, 7. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2902501
Jin, H., Luo, Y., Li, P. & Mathew, J. (2019). A review of secure and privacy-preserving medical data sharing. IEEE Access, 7. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2916503
Joo, M.H., Nishikawa, Y. & Dandapani, K. (2019). Cryptocurrency, a successful application of blockchain technology. Managerial Finance. DOI: 10.1108/MF-09-2018-0451
Khezr, S., Moniruzzaman, M.D., Yassine, A. & Benlamri, R. (2019). Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research. Applied Sciences, 9(9). DOI: 10.3390/app9091836
Kim, H.M. & Laskowski, M. (2018). Toward an ontology-driven blockchain design for supply-chain provenance. Intell Syst Account Finance Manage, 25(1): 18-27.
DOI: doi.org/10.1002/isaf.1424
Kouhizadeh, M., Zhu, Q. & Sarkis, J. (2019a). Blockchain and the circular economy: po-tential tensions and critical reflections from practice. Production Planning and Control, 31: 950-966. DOI: doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1695925
Kummer, S., Herold, D.M., Dobrovnik, M., Mikl, J. & Schäfer, N.A. (2020). Systematic Review of Blockchain Literature in Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Identifying Research Questions and Future Directions. Future Internet, 12(3). DOI: doi.org/10.3390/fi12030060
Kuo, T.T., Kim, H.E. & Machado, L. (2018). Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc, 24(6).
DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocx068
Leeuwen, V., AlSkaif, G.T., Gibescu, M. & Van Sark, W. (2020). An integrated blockchain-based energy management platform with bilateral trading for microgrid communities. Applied Energy, 263: 1-13.
Leible, S., Schlager, S., Schubotz, M. & Gipp, B. (2019). A Review on Blockchain Technology and Blockchain Projects Fostering Open Science. Frontiers in Blockchain, 16(2).
DOI: 10.3389/fbloc.2019.00016
Li, G., Dong, M., Yang, L.T., Ota, K. & Li, J. (2019). Preserving Edge Knowledge Sharing among IoT Services: A Blockchain-based Approach. IEEE Transactions on Emerging, 4(5).
DOI: 10.1109/TETCI.2019.2952587
Mainelli, M. & Vinay, G. (2016). Misplaced trust. Banking Technology. Available at: www.zyen.com.
Manzoor, D. & Nowruz, A. (2019). Applications of blockchain technology in energy industry businesses: Opportunities and challenges. Iran Energy, 22(2). [in persian]
Marbouh, D. & et al. (2020). Blockchain for COVID-19: Review, Opportunities, and a Trusted Tracking System. Arabian journal for science and engineering: 1-18.
DOI: doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04950-4
Markopoulos, E., Kirane, I.S., Balaj, D. & Vanharanta, H. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technology Adaptation for Human Resources Democratic Ergonomization on Team Management. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. DOI: doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27928-8_68
Marr, B. (2019). Here Are 10 Industries Blockchain Is Likely To Disrupt. Available at:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/07/16/here-are-10-industries-blockchain-is-likely-to-disrupt/?sh=7f857348b5a2
Mathew, S. & Abdul, M.d. (2018). Evaluation of Blockchain in Capital Market Use-Cases. International Journal of Web Portals, 10(1): 54-76. DOI: 10.4018/IJWP.2018010105
Mayer, A.H., Da Costa, C.A., Righi, R. & Da, R. (2020). Electronic health records in a Blockchain: A systematic review. Health Informatics Journal. DOI: 10.1187/1460458219866350
Mills, D. & et al. (2016). Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing, and settlement. Finance and Economics Discussion Series. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18016/FEDS.2016.095
Min, T., Wang, H., Guo, Y. & Cai, W. (2019). Blockchain Games: A Survey. 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG): 1-8.
Mirabelli, G. & Solina, V. (2020). Blockchain and agricultural supply chains traceability: research trends and future challenges. Procedia Manufacturing, 42: 414-421.
DOI: doi.org/10/1016/j.promfg.2020/02/05
Netherlands Innovation Network (2020). Blockchain. Available at: dutchblockchaincoalition.org
Nguyen, D., Pathirana, P.N., Ding, M. & Seneviratne, A. (2020). Integration of Blockchain and Cloud of Things: Architecture, Applications and Challenges. IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, 22(4). DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2020.3020092
Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O. & Schiereck, D. (2018). Blockchain. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59. DOI: doi.org/10.1007/s12599-018-0467-3
Novikov, S.P., Mikheenko, O.V., Kulagina, N.A, & Kazakov, O.D. (2018). Digital registry of professional competences of the population drawing on distributed registries and smart contracts technologies. Biznes Informatika Business Inform, 46(4): 43-53.
DOI: 10.18323/1998-0663.2018.4.43.53
OECD. (2019). The Policy Environment for Blockchain Innovation and Adoption: 2019 OECD Global Blockchain Policy Forum Report. Available at:
https://www.oecd.org/finance/2019-OECD-Global-Blockchain-Policy-Forum-Summary-Report.pdf
Osmani, M., El-Haddadeh, R., Hindi, N., Janssen, M. & Weerakkody, V. (2020). Blockchain for next generation services in banking and finance. Journal of Enterprise Information Management.
DOI: doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-02-2020-0044
Panarello, A., Tapas, N., Merlino, G., Longo, F., Puliafito, A. (2018). Blockchain and IoT Integration: A Systematic Survey. Sensors, 18. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/s18082575
Park, K.O. (2020). A Study on Sustainable Usage Intention of Blockchain in the Big Data Era: Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Sustainability, 12.
DOI: doi.org/10.3390/su122410670
Paul J.T., Tooska, D., Ali, D., Reza, M. & Kim-Kwang, R.C.H. (2020). A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks, 6(2): 17-156. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2019.01.005
Pieroni, A., Scarpato, N., Di Nunzio, L., Fallucchi, F. & Raso, M. (2018). Smarter city: smart energy grid based on blockchain technology. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol, 8(1): 298-306. DOI: 10.18518/ijaseit.8.1.4954
Priceonomics Data Studio (2020). Which Industries Will Be Transformed By Blockchain (and the Ensuing Data Glut That Follows). Available at:
priceonomics.com/which-industries-will-be-transformed-by-blockchain/
Rawat, D.B., Chaudhary, V. & Doku, R. (2020). Blockchain Technology: Emerging Applications and Use Cases for Secure and Trustworthy Smart Systems. Journal of Cybersecurity. Priv, 1: 4-18. DOI: 10.3390/jcp1010002
Reyan, A., Martín, C., Chen, J., Soler, E. & Díaz, D. (2018). On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities. Future Generation Computer Systems, 88: 183-190.
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.05.046
Roeck, D., Sternberg, H. & Hofmann, E. (2019). Distributed ledger technology in supply chains: A transaction cost perspective. Int. J. Prod. Res, 1-18.
DOI: doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1657247
Rot, A., Sobińska, M., Hernes, M. & Franczyk, B. (2020). Digital Transformation of Public Administration through Blockchain Technology.Springer link.
Sami, M. & Abdallah, W. (2020). How does the cryptocurrency market affect the stock market performance in the MENA region? Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-print. DOI: doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2019-0078
Sandelowski, M. & Barroso, J. (2007). Handbook for Synthesizing Qualitative Research. New York: Springer.
Sander, F., Semeijn, J. & Mahr, D. (2018). The acceptance of blockchain technology in meat traceability and transparency. British Food Journal. DOI: doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2018-0365
Sandner, P., Gross, J. & Richter, R. (2020). Convergence of Blockchain, IoTand AI. Journal of Frontiers in Blockchain, 3. DOI: 10.3389/fbloc.2020.522600
Santiso, C. (2019). Here's How Technology Is Changing the Corruption Game. World Economic Forum. Vailable at:
www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/here-s-how-technology-is-changing-the-corruption-game/
Saqaf, W.A & Seidler, N. (2018). Blockchain technology for social impact: opportunities and challenges ahead. Journal of Cyber Policy, DOI: 10.1080/23738871.2018.1400084
Sarmah, S.S. (2019). Application of Block chain in Cloud Computing. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(12). DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.L3585.1081219
Schär, F. (2021). Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Second Quarter: 153-74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.103.153-74
Shen, C. & Pena, F.M. (2018). Blockchain for Cities—A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Access, vol.6: 76787-76819. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2880744
Singh, P. (2020). Role of Blockchain Technology in Digitization of Land Records in Indian Scenario. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.614 012055.
DOI: 10.1088/1855-1315/614/1/012055
Singh, S., Kumar, P., Yoon, B., Hojafar, M., Cho, G.H. & Ho Ra, I. (2020). Convergence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence in IoT Network for the Sustainable Smart City. Sustainable Cities and Society. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364
Sun, J., Yan, J. & Zhang, K.Z.K. (2016). Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities. Financ Innov, 2(26).
DOI: doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0040-y
Taylor, P.J. & et al. (2019). A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks, DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2019.01.005
Till BM, P.A.W. & Afshar SMeara, J.G. (2018). From blockchain technology to global health equity: can cryptocurrencies finance universal health coverage? BMJ Global Health, 2: e000570. DOI: doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000570corr1
Trienekens, J.H., Wognum, P.M., Beulens, A.J.M. & Van Der Vorst, J.G.A.J. (2011). Transparency in complex dynamic food supply chains. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 26(1): 55-65. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2011.07.007
Turk, Z. & Klinc, R. (2018). Potentials of Blockchain Technology for Construction Management. Procedia Engineering, 196:638-645. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.08.052
Uddin, M.A., Stranieri, A., Gondal, I. & Balasubramanian, V. (2021). A Survey on the Adoption of Blockchain in IoT: Challenges and Solutions. Blockchain Research and Applications,
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2021.100006
Vacca, A., Di Sorbo, A., Visaggio, C.A. & Canfora, G. (2021). A systematic literature review of blockchain and smart contract development: Techniques, tools, and open challenges. Journal of Systems and Software, 184. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.110891
Wadhwa, S. (2019). Decentralized digital identity management using blockchain and its implication on public sector. Ph.D. thesis. Dublin Business School.
Wang, J., Wu, P., Wang, X. & Shou, W. (2018). The outlook of blockchain technology for construction engineering management. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 4(1): 67-75.
DOI: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018006
Wang, Y., Han, J.H. & Beynon-Davies, P. (2019a). Understanding blockchain technology for future supply chains: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 24(1): 62-84. DOI: doi.org/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0148
Wang, Y., Han, J.H. & Davies, P.B. (2018). Understanding blockchain technology for future supply chains: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, DOI: doi.org/10.1108/ SCM-03-2018-0148
Wood, G. & et al. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper, 151(2014): 1-32.
Wu, H.-T., Su, Y.-J. & Hu, W.-C. (2019). A study on blockchain-based circular economy credit rating system. Journal of Internet Technology, 20: 947-954.
DOI: doi. org/10.3966/160792642019052003026
Xu, M., Chen, X. & Kou, G.A. (2019). Systematic review of blockchain. Financial Innovation, 5(27). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0147-z
Yaqoob, S. & et al. (2019). Use of Blockchain in Healthcare: A Systematic Literature Review. IJACSA, 10(5). DOI: doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100581
Yinshig, L. (2019). Emerging blockchain-based applications and techniques. Service Oriented Computing and Applications. DOI: doi.org/10.1007/s11861-019-00281-x
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X. & Wang, H. (2018). An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends. 2018 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress), Honolulu, HI, USA, 2018: 557-564.
DOI: 10.1109/BigDataCongress.2018.85
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H-N., Chen, X. & Wang, H. (2018). Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Int. J.Web and Grid Services, 14(4): 352-375.
DOI: 10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647
Zutshi, A., Grilo, A. & Nodehi, T. (2021). The value proposition of blockchain technologies and its impact on Digital Platforms. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 155.
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107187
Zwitter, A. & Hazenberg, J. (2020). Decentralized Network Governance: Blockchain Technology and the Future of Regulation. Frontiers in Blockchain, 3. DOI: 10.3389/fbloc.2020.00012
Zwitter, A., Gstrein, O.J. & Yap, E. (2020). Digital Identity and the Blockchain: Universal Identity Management and the Concept of the “Self-Sovereign” Individual. Frontiers in Blockchain, 3. DOI: 10.3389/fbloc.2020.00026
CAPTCHA Image